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AI summary · arXiv: 2610.39042v1 · hep-ex

Measurements of transverse kinematic imbalance in muon neutrino charged-current interactions on argon with a single proton and no pions in the final state with SBND

R. Acciarri (The SBND Collaboration), L. Aliaga-Soplin (The SBND Collaboration), D. Andrade Aldana (The SBND Collaboration), C. Andreopoulos (The SBND Collaboration), A. Antonakis (The SBND Collaboration), S. Balasubramanian (The SBND Collaboration), A. Barnard (The SBND Collaboration), V. Basque (The SBND Collaboration),
and 183 more authorsJ. R. Bateman (The SBND Collaboration), A. Beever (The SBND Collaboration), B. Behera (The SBND Collaboration), M. Betancourt (The SBND Collaboration), A. Bhat (The SBND Collaboration), M. Bishai (The SBND Collaboration), A. Blake (The SBND Collaboration), B. Bogart (The SBND Collaboration), D. Brailsford (The SBND Collaboration), A. Brandt (The SBND Collaboration), S. Brickner (The SBND Collaboration), M. B. Brunetti (The SBND Collaboration), G. A. N. Buzzard (The SBND Collaboration), L. Camilleri (The SBND Collaboration), D. Caratelli (The SBND Collaboration), D. Carber (The SBND Collaboration), B. Carlson (The SBND Collaboration), M. F. Carneiro (The SBND Collaboration), R. Castillo Fernandez (The SBND Collaboration), F. Cavanna (The SBND Collaboration), A. Chappell (The SBND Collaboration), H. Chen (The SBND Collaboration), S. Chung (The SBND Collaboration), R. Coackley (The SBND Collaboration), J. I. Crespo-Anadón (The SBND Collaboration), C. Cuesta (The SBND Collaboration), Y. Dabburi (The SBND Collaboration), O. Dalager (The SBND Collaboration), M. Dall'Olio (The SBND Collaboration), S. K. Das (The SBND Collaboration), M. Del Tutto (The SBND Collaboration), Z. Djurcic (The SBND Collaboration), V. do Lago Pimentel (The SBND Collaboration), S. Dominguez-Vidales (The SBND Collaboration), M. Donnachie (The SBND Collaboration), M. Dubnowski (The SBND Collaboration), K. Duffy (The SBND Collaboration), S. Dytman (The SBND Collaboration), A. Ereditato (The SBND Collaboration), E. Espinoza (The SBND Collaboration), J. J. Evans (The SBND Collaboration), A. C. Ezeribe (The SBND Collaboration), C. Fan (The SBND Collaboration), A. Filkins (The SBND Collaboration), B. Fleming (The SBND Collaboration), W. Foreman (The SBND Collaboration), D. Franco (The SBND Collaboration), G. Fricano (The SBND Collaboration), I. Furic (The SBND Collaboration), A. P. Furmanski (The SBND Collaboration), S. Gao (The SBND Collaboration), D. Garcia-Gamez (The SBND Collaboration), S. Gardiner (The SBND Collaboration), I. Gil-Botella (The SBND Collaboration), S. Gollapinni (The SBND Collaboration), P. Green (The SBND Collaboration), W. C. Griffith (The SBND Collaboration), L. Hagaman (The SBND Collaboration), P. Hamilton (The SBND Collaboration), B. Harris (The SBND Collaboration), A. Hergenhan (The SBND Collaboration), M. Hernandez-Morquecho (The SBND Collaboration), C. James (The SBND Collaboration), R. S. Jones (The SBND Collaboration), M. Jung (The SBND Collaboration), T. Junk (The SBND Collaboration), D. Kalra (The SBND Collaboration), G. Karagiorgi (The SBND Collaboration), F. Kumar (The SBND Collaboration), L. Kashur (The SBND Collaboration), K. J. Kelly (The SBND Collaboration), W. Ketchum (The SBND Collaboration), M. J. King (The SBND Collaboration), J. Klein (The SBND Collaboration), L. Kotsiopoulou (The SBND Collaboration), I. Kreslo (The SBND Collaboration), T. Kroupová (The SBND Collaboration), V. A. Kudryavtsev (The SBND Collaboration), H. Lay (The SBND Collaboration), R. LaZur (The SBND Collaboration), J. -Y. Li (The SBND Collaboration), K. Lin (The SBND Collaboration), B. R. Littlejohn (The SBND Collaboration), L. Liu (The SBND Collaboration), D. Lorca (The SBND Collaboration), W. C. Louis (The SBND Collaboration), X. Luo (The SBND Collaboration), A. A. Machado (The SBND Collaboration), P. Machado (The SBND Collaboration), C. Mariani (The SBND Collaboration), F. Marinho (The SBND Collaboration), J. Marshall (The SBND Collaboration), C. Martin-Morales (The SBND Collaboration), A. Mastbaum (The SBND Collaboration), K. Mavrokoridis (The SBND Collaboration), N. McConkey (The SBND Collaboration), B. McCusker (The SBND Collaboration), J. Mclaughlin (The SBND Collaboration), T. Mettler (The SBND Collaboration), M. Mooney (The SBND Collaboration), A. F. Moor (The SBND Collaboration), G. Moreno-Granados (The SBND Collaboration), C. A. Moura (The SBND Collaboration), J. Mueller (The SBND Collaboration), S. Mulleriababu (The SBND Collaboration), A. Navrer-Agasson (The SBND Collaboration), M. Nebot-Guinot (The SBND Collaboration), V. C. L. Nguyen (The SBND Collaboration), F. Nicolás-Arnaldos (The SBND Collaboration), J. Nowak (The SBND Collaboration), S. B. Oh (The SBND Collaboration), N. Oza (The SBND Collaboration), O. Palamara (The SBND Collaboration), N. Pallat (The SBND Collaboration), V. Pandey (The SBND Collaboration), A. Papadopoulou (The SBND Collaboration), H. B. Parkinson (The SBND Collaboration), J. Paton (The SBND Collaboration), L. Paulucci (The SBND Collaboration), Z. Pavlovic (The SBND Collaboration), D. Payne (The SBND Collaboration), L. Pelegrina-Gutiérrez (The SBND Collaboration), O. L. G. Peres (The SBND Collaboration), J. Plows (The SBND Collaboration), G. Putnam (The SBND Collaboration), X. Qian (The SBND Collaboration), Y. Qie (The SBND Collaboration), R. Rajagopalan (The SBND Collaboration), P. Ratoff (The SBND Collaboration), H. Ray (The SBND Collaboration), M. Reggiani-Guzzo (The SBND Collaboration), M. Roda (The SBND Collaboration), J. Romeo-Araujo (The SBND Collaboration), M. Ross-Lonergan (The SBND Collaboration), N. Rowe (The SBND Collaboration), P. Roy (The SBND Collaboration), A. Sanchez-Castillo (The SBND Collaboration), D. W. Schmitz (The SBND Collaboration), A. Schneider (The SBND Collaboration), A. Schukraft (The SBND Collaboration), H. Scott (The SBND Collaboration), E. Segreto (The SBND Collaboration), M. Shaevitz (The SBND Collaboration), K. Shiba (The SBND Collaboration), P. Singh (The SBND Collaboration), B. Slater (The SBND Collaboration), J. Smith (The SBND Collaboration), M. Soares-Nunes (The SBND Collaboration), M. Soderberg (The SBND Collaboration), S. Söldner-Rembold (The SBND Collaboration), J. Spitz (The SBND Collaboration), M. Stancari (The SBND Collaboration), T. Strauss (The SBND Collaboration), A. M. Szelc (The SBND Collaboration), P. Sanchez-Lucas (The SBND Collaboration), C. Thorpe (The SBND Collaboration), D. Totani (The SBND Collaboration), M. Toups (The SBND Collaboration), C. Touramanis (The SBND Collaboration), L. Tung (The SBND Collaboration), G. A. Valdiviesso (The SBND Collaboration), R. Van de Water (The SBND Collaboration), A. Vázquez-Ramos (The SBND Collaboration), L. Wan (The SBND Collaboration), M. Weber (The SBND Collaboration), H. Wei (The SBND Collaboration), T. Wester (The SBND Collaboration), A. J. White (The SBND Collaboration), A. Wilkinson (The SBND Collaboration), P. Wilson (The SBND Collaboration), T. Wongjirad (The SBND Collaboration), E. Worcester (The SBND Collaboration), M. Worcester (The SBND Collaboration), S. Yadav (The SBND Collaboration), E. Yandel (The SBND Collaboration), L. Yates (The SBND Collaboration), S. Yebes (The SBND Collaboration), B. Yu (The SBND Collaboration), H. Yu (The SBND Collaboration), J. Yu (The SBND Collaboration), B. Zamorano (The SBND Collaboration), J. Zennamo (The SBND Collaboration), C. Zhang (The SBND Collaboration)
Original paper Submitted to arXiv on 28 Oct. 2026 License: CC BY 4.0 Also in: fr

How to read this summary? Illustrated guide

The essentials

SBND reports its first neutrino–argon cross-section measurement in three transverse-imbalance variables, finding that current event generators do not describe all three distributions.

Question

How well do neutrino-interaction models describe transverse kinematic imbalance in muon-neutrino charged-current interactions on argon with one proton and no pions? The measurement also probes nuclear effects that shape the final-state kinematics.

Method

Using 8.8×10^19 protons-on-target, the analysis selects 12,804 candidate events, with 91% signal purity predicted by simulation. It measures flux-averaged differential cross sections in δpT, δαT, and δφT, unfolding with Wiener-SVD and comparing the results with GENIE AR23_20i_00_000, GiBUU 2025, and NEUT v6.1.4.

Findings

  • Result The selected sample contains 12,804 signal candidates and has a predicted signal purity of 91%.
    See the passage in the paper
    A total of 12,804 data events are selected as signal candidates. The containment requirement has an efficiency of 28%, and the event selection has an efficiency of 34% for fully contained signal events. The selected sample has a signal purity of 91% and is 80% CCQE, as predicted by the GENIE event generator.
  • Result None of the tested generators satisfactorily describes the δpT cross-section distribution.
    See the passage in the paper
    In $\delta p_{T}$, none of the models provides a satisfactory description of the measurement.
  • Result Most generators describe δαT and δφT reasonably well, but some show notable discrepancies in these variables.
    See the passage in the paper
    Most generators describe the $\delta\alpha_{T}$ measurement reasonably well. However, the GiBUU model predicts a steeper slope than the measurement, as expected if nuclear effects distort the proton kinematics more strongly. Meanwhile, the HF models, observed to improve the $\delta p_{T}$ agreement, predict a slope that is too shallow.
  • Result GENIE Hartree-Fock configurations improve agreement in δpT but worsen agreement in δαT.
    See the passage in the paper
    Among model configuration variations of GENIE, SF and axial form-factor variants leave the $\delta p_{T}$ tension unresolved, and HF configurations improve $\delta p_{T}$ at the expense of $\delta\alpha_{T}$.
  • Authors’ interpretation The authors conclude that the three imbalance variables test complementary aspects of interaction models that current generators do not fully capture.
    See the passage in the paper
    These results demonstrate that the different TKI variables probe complementary aspects of the neutrino-argon interaction model that current generators do not yet fully capture.

Limitations

  • The measurement is limited to a specific pionless final state and restricted muon and proton momentum ranges, so its conclusions do not cover all neutrino–argon interactions.
    See the passage in the paper
    The signal is defined as a charged-current muon neutrino interaction producing exactly one muon with momentum between $0.22$ and $1.0$ GeV/$c$, exactly one proton with momentum between $0.3$ and $1.0$ GeV/$c$ and no additional protons with momentum above $0.3$ GeV/$c$, no charged pions with momentum above $70$ MeV/$c$, no neutral pions or heavier mesons, and any number of neutrons.
  • The reported results use only an early subset of SBND Run 1 data.
    See the passage in the paper
    The results presented here are based on data from the beginning of SBND Run 1 corresponding to $8.8\times 10^{19}$ protons on the BNB target (POT), after data quality cuts.
  • Acceptance and reconstruction variations across kinematic bins are modeled using simulation, leaving some dependence on the simulated detector response.
    See the passage in the paper
    The variations of response across the differential bins (e.g. low selection efficiency for backward-going tracks and low acceptance efficiency at high muon momentum) are modeled from simulation.

Why it matters

The authors present these cross sections as new benchmarks for neutrino–argon interaction modeling, relevant to high-precision oscillation measurements. They argue that the complementary TKI distributions expose deficiencies that are not apparent from comparisons with only one kinematic variable.

Written by AI from the paper. Passages are checked word for word against the text we analysed; the rest may contain errors.

AI-generated keywords: SBND neutrino–argon cross section transverse kinematic imbalance liquid-argon time projection chamber neutrino interaction models

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  • Original abstract
This paper presents SBND’s first neutrino–argon cross-section measurement. It focuses on muon-neutrino charged-current interactions that produce exactly one muon and one proton within specified momentum ranges, with no additional proton above threshold and no pions or heavier mesons. The study evaluates how well current neutrino-interaction models describe transverse kinematic imbalance (TKI). These observables are constructed from the muon and proton momenta projected perpendicular to the neutrino beam. They are sensitive to nuclear motion and effects such as final-state interactions, and can help identify limitations in nuclear modeling. The analysis uses a subset of SBND Run 1 data, corresponding to 8.8 × 10¹⁹ protons on target from the Booster Neutrino Beam. SBND is a liquid-argon time projection chamber, and the flux-weighted mean neutrino energy for the measurement is 0.75 GeV. Events were reconstructed from detector charge deposits. Tracks were identified using their geometry and calorimetric energy loss, while their momenta were estimated from range and multiple scattering. The selection required a contained two-track event consistent with a common neutrino interaction vertex, followed by muon and proton identification and application of the signal’s kinematic requirements. It yielded 12,804 candidates. Simulation predicts a signal purity of 91%. The containment efficiency was 28%, and the selection efficiency for contained signal events was 34%. The selected sample is predicted to be 80% quasielastic, although other interaction processes can also enter the signal category when their final states meet the selection criteria. The collaboration measured flux-averaged differential cross sections for three TKI variables: the magnitude of the transverse missing momentum, δpT; the angle δαT, which describes the orientation of that imbalance relative to the muon; and the azimuthal angle δφT between the transverse muon and proton directions. Background-subtracted distributions were unfolded using Wiener-SVD. For comparison, model predictions were transformed into the same regularized space. Fake-data studies—including variations in interaction rates and kinematic shapes, injected spectral features, and simulated GiBUU events—were used to test the unfolding. The paper reports no statistically significant unfolding bias in these tests. The integrated cross section is (8.18 ± 0.08 statistical ± 0.66 systematic) × 10⁻³⁸ cm² per argon nucleus. The total integrated uncertainty is 8.7%. The largest listed contribution is the neutrino-flux uncertainty at 6.5%, followed by detector uncertainty at 3.7% and interaction-model uncertainty at 3.4%. The measured distributions provide a mixed test of generator predictions. None of the three principal models—GENIE AR23_20i_00_000, GiBUU 2025, and NEUT v6.1.4—adequately describes δpT. GENIE is closest overall, but predicts values that are low in the peak and intermediate regions and high in the tail. Hartree–Fock-based GENIE variations improve agreement with δpT but predict a δαT slope that is too shallow. Most generators describe δαT and δφT reasonably well. GiBUU predicts a steeper δαT slope than observed, while some GENIE axial-form-factor variants show notable discrepancies in δφT. The results show that the observables probe complementary aspects of nuclear modeling, and that none of the tested configurations describes all three successfully. The measurement is limited by its early, partial dataset, detector acceptance and containment requirements, and the specified final-state momentum and particle thresholds.
Created on 02 Nov. 2026

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