Boosted Entanglement Swapping
Authors: Matthias J. Bayerbach, Simone E. D'Aurelio, Stefanie Barz
Abstract
Entanglement swapping entangles photons that never interacted directly. When implemented with linear optics, its success probability is upper bounded by $50\%$, due to the limited efficiency of linear-optical Bell-state measurements. Here, we demonstrate boosted entanglement swapping using an ancilla-assisted linear-optical Bell-state measurement, which raises the theoretical success probability to $62.5\%$ and allows all four Bell states to be identified. We measure an acceptance rate of $p_{\mathrm{a}}^{\mathrm{b}}=(69.39\pm0.39)\%$ with an average fidelity of the swapped states of $\langle F^{\mathrm{b}}\rangle=(76.6\pm1.0)\%$. We implement this protocol using photons at 1550 nm, making it well suited for quantum repeaters, where it could enable more efficient entanglement distribution. Beyond quantum communication, it could also enhance fusion-based quantum computing.
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Closest papers
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Boosted Bell-state measurements for photonic quantum computationNico Hauser, Matthias J. Bayerbach, Simone E. D'Aurelio et al. · 2024 · npj Quantum Information · cited 28 times · Not summarized yet
Boosted Bell-state measurements for photonic quantum computation uses an entangled photon-pair ancilla and a multiport splitter to raise linear-optical measurement success to 75%.
Abstract
Fault-tolerant fusion-based photonic quantum computing (FBQC) greatly relies on entangling two-photon measurements, called fusions. These fusions can be realized using linear-optical projective Bell-state measurements (BSMs). These linear-optical BSMs are limited to a success probability of 50%, greatly reducing the performance of FBQC schemes. The performance of FBQC can be improved using boosting, thus achieving higher success probabilities by adding additional resources. Here, we realize a boosted BSM using a 4 × 4 multiport splitter and an additional entangled photon pair, allowing for a success probability of up to 75%. In our experiment, we obtain a success probability for our boosted …
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Boosted quantum teleportationSimone E. D'Aurelio, Matthias J. Bayerbach, Stefanie Barz · 2024 · npj Quantum Information · cited 15 times · Not summarized yet
Boosted quantum teleportation uses boosted Bell-state measurement to exceed the 50% linear-optical limit in quantum teleportation.
Abstract
Quantum teleportation has proven to be fundamental for many quantum information and communication processes. The core concept can be exploited in many tasks, from the transmission of quantum states, quantum repeaters, to quantum computing. However, for linear-optical systems, the efficiency of teleportation is directly linked to the success probability of the involved Bell-state measurement (BSM). In most implementations, this is realized by linear optics with an intrinsically limited success probability of 50%. Here, we demonstrate quantum teleportation surpassing this limit. We achieve an average fidelity of the teleported states of 0.8677 ± 0.0024, leading to an overall acceptance rate of…
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Bell-state measurement exceeding 50% success probability with linear opticsMatthias J. Bayerbach, Simone E. D'Aurelio, P. van Loock et al. · 2022 · Science Advances · cited 85 times · Not summarized yet
Bell-state measurement exceeding 50% success probability with linear optics experimentally uses ancillary photons to reach 62.5%, the measurement strategy used for boosted swapping.
Abstract
Bell-state projections serve as a fundamental basis for most quantum communication and computing protocols today. However, with current Bell-state measurement schemes based on linear optics, only two of four Bell states can be identified, which means that the maximum success probability of this vital step cannot exceed 50%. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a scheme that amends the original measurement with additional modes in the form of ancillary photons, which leads to a more complex measurement pattern, and ultimately a higher success probability of 62.5%. Experimentally, we achieve a success probability of (57.9 ± 1.4)%, a substantial improvement over the conventional scheme. With the…
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Experimental entanglement swapping through single-photon χ(2) nonlinearityYoshiaki Tsujimoto, K. Wakui, Tadashi Kishimoto et al. · 2024 · Nature Communications · cited 6 times · Not summarized yet
Experimental entanglement swapping through single-photon χ(2) nonlinearity performs swapping through nonlinear photon interactions rather than an ancilla-assisted linear-optical Bell measurement.
Abstract
In photonic quantum information processing, quantum operations using nonlinear photon-photon interactions are vital for implementing two-qubit gates and enabling faithful entanglement swapping. However, due to the weak interaction between single photons, the all-photonic realization of such quantum operations has remained out of reach so far. Herein, we demonstrate an entanglement swapping using sum-frequency generation between single photons in a χ(2)-nonlinear optical waveguide. We show that a high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR), stable sum-frequency-generation-based entanglement heralder with an ultralow-dark-count superconducting single-photon detector can satisfy the unprecedented SNR requ…
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Multipartite entanglement swapping with homodyne and single photon detectionTarek Assaf, Josephine Dias · 2026 · Not summarized yet
Multipartite entanglement swapping with homodyne and single photon detection studies optical entanglement swapping, using a continuous-variable protocol to generate multipartite states.
Abstract
Establishing multipartite entanglement across lossy optical networks remains a central challenge for distributed quantum information processing. Here, we consider a non-Gaussian continuous-variable entanglement-swapping protocol combining a symmetric discrete Fourier transform (DFT) interferometer with photon-number-resolving detection. In the ideal limit, single-photon heralding generates a $W_N$-class state across remote modes, with Fourier symmetry rendering all single-click outcomes equivalent up to local phase corrections. We find that conditional pairwise entanglement can exceed that of conventional Gaussian homodyne swapping in weak-to-moderate squeezing and lossy regimes, remaining n…
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Hyperentanglement-assisted Bell-state analysisS. Walborn, S. P'adua, C. Monken · 2003 · Physical Review A · cited 217 times · Not summarized yet
Hyperentanglement-assisted Bell-state analysis proposes complete Bell-state identification using photons entangled across multiple degrees of freedom.
Abstract
We propose a simple scheme for complete Bell-state measurement of photons using hyperentangled states-entangled in multiple degrees of freedom. In addition to hyperentanglement, our scheme requires only linear optics and single photon detectors, and is realizable with current technology. At the cost of additional classical communication, our Bell-state measurement can be implemented nonlocally. We discuss the possible application of these results to quantum dense coding and quantum teleportation.
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3/4-Efficient Bell measurement with passive linear optics and unentangled ancillae.Fabian Ewert, P. van Loock · 2014 · Physical Review Letters · cited 180 times · Not summarized yet
3/4-Efficient Bell measurement with passive linear optics and unentangled ancillae proposes surpassing the 50% Bell-measurement limit by adding single-photon ancillae.
Abstract
It is well known that an unambiguous discrimination of the four optically encoded Bell states is possible with a probability of 50% at best, when using static, passive linear optics and arbitrarily many vacuum-mode ancillae. By adding unentangled single-photon ancillae, we are able to surpass this limit and reach a success probability of at least 75%. We discuss the error robustness of the proposed scheme and a generalization to reach a success probability arbitrarily close to 100%.
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Experimental Entanglement Swapping: Entangling Photons That Never InteractedJian-Wei Pan, D. Bouwmeester, H. Weinfurter et al. · 1998 · Physical Review Letters · cited 1,170 times · Not summarized yet
Experimental Entanglement Swapping: Entangling Photons That Never Interacted reports an experimental realization of the entanglement-swapping operation studied here.
Prior work it builds on
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"Event-ready-detectors" Bell experiment via entanglement swapping.M. Żukowski, A. Zeilinger, M. A. Horne et al. · 1993 · Physical Review Letters · cited 1,746 times · Not summarized yet
“Event-ready-detectors” Bell experiment via entanglement swapping uses swapping in a Bell experiment to enable event-ready detection.
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A nondestructive Bell-state measurement on two distant atomic qubitsStephan Welte, P. Thomas, Lukas Hartung et al. · 2021 · Nature Photonics · cited 40 times · Not summarized yet
A nondestructive Bell-state measurement on two distant atomic qubits demonstrates complete, nondestructive measurement on separated atoms rather than photonic swapping.
Abstract
One of the most fascinating aspects of quantum networks is their capability to distribute entanglement as a nonlocal communication resource1. In a first step, this requires network-ready devices that can generate and store entangled states2. Another crucial step, however, is to develop measurement techniques that allow for entanglement detection. Demonstrations for different platforms3–13 suffer from being not complete, destructive or local. Here, we demonstrate a complete and nondestructive measurement scheme14–16 that always projects any initial state of two spatially separated network nodes onto a maximally entangled state. Each node consists of an atom trapped inside an optical resonator…
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Resource-efficient linear optical quantum computation.D. Browne, T. Rudolph · 2004 · Physical Review Letters · cited 704 times · Not summarized yet
Resource-efficient linear optical quantum computation develops linear-optical measurement and entanglement techniques for cluster-state quantum computation.
Abstract
We introduce a scheme for linear optics quantum computation, that makes no use of teleported gates, and requires stable interferometry over only the coherence length of the photons. We achieve a much greater degree of efficiency and a simpler implementation than previous proposals. We follow the "cluster state" measurement based quantum computational approach, and show how cluster states may be efficiently generated from pairs of maximally polarization entangled photons using linear optical elements. We demonstrate the universality and usefulness of generic parity measurements, as well as introducing the use of redundant encoding of qubits to enable utilization of destructive measurements--b…
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Maximum efficiency of a linear-optical Bell-state analyzerJ. Calsamiglia, Norbert Lutkenhaus · 2000 · Applied Physics B · cited 318 times · Not summarized yet
Maximum efficiency of a linear-optical Bell-state analyzer analyzes Bell-measurement efficiency limits for linear optics with vacuum ancillary modes.
Abstract
Abstract.In a photonic realization of qubits the implementation of quantum logic is rather difficult due to the extremely weak interaction on the few photon level. On the other hand, in these systems interference is available to process the quantum states. We formalize the use of interference by the definition of a simple class of operations which include linear-optical elements, auxiliary states and conditional operations.We investigate an important subclass of these tools, namely linear-optical elements and auxiliary modes in the vacuum state. For these tools, we are able to extend a previous qualitative result, a no-go theorem for perfect Bell-state analyzer on two qubits in polarization …
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Experimental time-reversed adaptive Bell measurement towards all-photonic quantum repeatersYasushi Hasegawa, R. Ikuta, N. Matsuda et al. · 2019 · Nature Communications · cited 59 times · Not summarized yet
Experimental time-reversed adaptive Bell measurement towards all-photonic quantum repeaters demonstrates an optical Bell measurement intended for all-photonic repeaters.
Abstract
An all-optical network is identified as a promising infrastructure for fast and energy-efficient communication. Recently, it has been shown that its quantum version based on ‘all-photonic quantum repeaters’—inheriting, at least, the same advantages—expands its possibility to the quantum realm, that is, a global quantum internet with applications far beyond the conventional Internet. Here we report a proof-of-principle experiment for a key component for the all-photonic repeaters—called all-photonic time-reversed adaptive (TRA) Bell measurement, with a proposal for the implementation. In particular, our TRA measurement—based only on optical devices without any quantum memories and any quantum…
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Updated on 10 November 2026.