Evaluating Maternity Leave Reforms When RD Fails

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1. Related Broader context Not relevant

   Workplace Breastfeeding Legislation and Labor Market Outcomes

   Julia Hatamyar · 2022 · General Economics · Not summarized yet

   Workplace Breastfeeding Legislation and Labor Market Outcomes estimates how workplace breastfeeding laws affect women’s labor-force participation, a neighboring maternal employment policy question.

   Abstract

   This paper studies the effects of legislation mandating workplace breastfeeding amenities on various labor market outcomes. Using the Panel Study of Income Dynamics, I implement both a traditional fixed-effects event study framework and the Interaction-Weighted event study technique proposed by Sun & Abraham (2020). I find that workplace breastfeeding legislation increases the likelihood of female labor force participation by 4.2 percentage points in the two years directly following implementation. Female labor force participation remains higher than before implementation in subsequent years, but the significant effect does not persist. Using the CDC's Infant Feeding Practices Survey II, I t…

2. Related Broader context Not relevant

   Bounds on Distributional Treatment Effect Parameters using Panel Data with an Application on Job Displacement

   Brantly Callaway · 2020 · Econometrics · cited 12 times · AI summary available

   Bounds on Distributional Treatment Effect Parameters develops panel-data methods for treatment-effect identification and applies them to job displacement, rather than maternity-leave reforms.

   Abstract

   This paper develops new techniques to bound distributional treatment effect parameters that depend on the joint distribution of potential outcomes -- an object not identified by standard identifying assumptions such as selection on observables or even when treatment is randomly assigned. I show that panel data and an additional assumption on the dependence between untreated potential outcomes for the treated group over time (i) provide more identifying power for distributional treatment effect parameters than existing bounds and (ii) provide a more plausible set of conditions than existing methods that obtain point identification. I apply these bounds to study heterogeneity in the effect of …

3. Related Another approach to the problem Not relevant

   Labor Market Outcomes and Early Schooling: Evidence from School Entry Policies Using Exact Date of Birth

   Pedro Cavalcante Oliveira, Daniel Duque · 2019 · General Economics · preprint, not peer reviewed · AI summary available

   Labor Market Outcomes and Early Schooling uses an exact-date-of-birth regression discontinuity to estimate schooling’s effects on adult labor outcomes, unlike the paper’s imputation approach when RD fails.

   Abstract

   We use a rich, census-like Brazilian dataset containing information on spatial mobility, schooling, and income in which we can link children to parents to assess the impact of early education on several labor market outcomes. Brazilian public primary schools admit children up to one year younger than the national minimum age to enter school if their birthday is before an arbitrary threshold, causing an exogenous variation in schooling at adulthood. Using a Regression Discontinuity Design, we estimate one additional year of schooling increases labor income in 25.8% - almost twice as large as estimated using mincerian models. Around this cutoff there is also a gap of 9.6% on the probability of…

4. Related Broader context Not relevant

   Welfare Effects of Labor Income Tax Changes on Married Couples: A Sufficient Statistics Approach

   Egor Malkov · 2021 · General Economics · cited 2 times · AI summary available

   Welfare Effects of Labor Income Tax Changes assesses labor-supply and welfare responses to tax reforms for married couples, not maternity-leave effects.

   Abstract

   This paper develops a framework for assessing the welfare effects of labor income tax changes on married couples. I build a static model of couples' labor supply that features both intensive and extensive margins and derive a tractable expression that delivers a transparent understanding of how labor supply responses, policy parameters, and income distribution affect the reform-induced welfare gains. Using this formula, I conduct a comparative welfare analysis of four tax reforms implemented in the United States over the last four decades, namely the Tax Reform Act of 1986, the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1993, the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001, and the T…

5. Related Broader context Not relevant

   Skills and Liquidity Barriers to Youth Employment: Medium-term Evidence from a Cash Benchmarking Experiment in Rwanda

   Craig McIntosh, Andrew Zeitlin · 2022 · General Economics · cited 2 times · Not summarized yet

   Skills and Liquidity Barriers to Youth Employment evaluates training and cash-transfer effects on young adults’ work and entrepreneurship in Rwanda.

   Abstract

   We present results of an experiment benchmarking a workforce training program against cash transfers for underemployed young adults in Rwanda. 3.5 years after treatment, the training program enhances productive time use and asset investment, while the cash transfers drive productive assets, livestock values, savings, and subjective well-being. Both interventions have powerful effects on entrepreneurship. But while labor, sales, and profits all go up, the implied wage rate in these businesses is low. Our results suggest that credit is a major barrier to self-employment, but deeper reforms may be required to enable entrepreneurship to provide a transformative pathway out of poverty.

6. Related Broader context Not relevant

   The Structure and Incentives of a COVID related Emergency Wage Subsidy

   Jules Linden, Cathal O'Donoghue, Denisa M. Sologon · 2021 · General Economics · cited 2 times · AI summary available

   The Structure and Incentives of a COVID related Emergency Wage Subsidy simulates alternative wage-subsidy designs and their labor-market incentives.

   Abstract

   During recent crisis, wage subsidies played a major role in sheltering firms and households from economic shocks. During COVID-19, most workers were affected and many liberal welfare states introduced new temporary wage subsidies to protected workers' earnings and employment (OECD, 2021). New wage subsidies marked a departure from the structure of traditional income support payments and required reform. This paper uses simulated datasets to assess the structure and incentives of the Irish COVID-19 wage subsidy scheme (CWS) under five designs. We use a nowcasting approach to update 2017 microdata, producing a near real time picture of the labour market at the peak of the crisis. Using microsi…

7. Related Broader context Not relevant

   Effect of breastfeeding on gastrointestinal infection in infants: A targeted maximum likelihood approach for clustered longitudinal data

   Mireille E. Schnitzer, Mark J. van der Laan, Erica E. M. Moodie et al. · 2014 · Annals of Applied Statistics 2014, Vol. 8, No. 2, 703-725 · cited 63 times · AI summary available

   Effect of breastfeeding on gastrointestinal infection estimates infant health effects of breastfeeding duration, rather than effects of maternity-leave policy.

   Abstract

   The PROmotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trial (PROBIT) cluster-randomized a program encouraging breastfeeding to new mothers in hospital centers. The original studies indicated that this intervention successfully increased duration of breastfeeding and lowered rates of gastrointestinal tract infections in newborns. Additional scientific and popular interest lies in determining the causal effect of longer breastfeeding on gastrointestinal infection. In this study, we estimate the expected infection count under various lengths of breastfeeding in order to estimate the effect of breastfeeding duration on infection. Due to the presence of baseline and time-dependent confounding, specialized …

8. Related Broader context Not relevant

   Nonparametric Identification and Estimation of Earnings Dynamics using a Hidden Markov Model: Evidence from the PSID

   Tong Zhou · 2023 · Applications · cited 1 time · AI summary available

   Nonparametric Identification and Estimation of Earnings Dynamics uses nonparametric methods to model earnings processes in the PSID, not policy treatment effects.

   Abstract

   This paper presents a hidden Markov model designed to investigate the complex nature of earnings persistence. The proposed model assumes that the residuals of log-earnings consist of a persistent component and a transitory component, both following general Markov processes. Nonparametric identification is achieved through spectral decomposition of linear operators, and a modified stochastic EM algorithm is introduced for model estimation. Applying the framework to the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID) dataset, we find that the earnings process displays nonlinear persistence, conditional skewness, and conditional kurtosis. Additionally, the transitory component is found to possess non-Gau…