Amplifying gene expression sensitivity by surface condensation on DNA
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arXiv: 2610.22667v1 · Summary page
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How a little more protein could make a big difference to a gene
How can a gene respond sharply to a small change in the concentration of a regulatory protein? A new modeling study suggests that proteins gathering around DNA could amplify the difference. The researchers simulated a DNA segment with two regulatory regions: a promoter, where transcription is controlled, and a distant enhancer. Both attracted a self-attracting protein-like substance that could collect around them and bring them together.
The models revealed two sources of sensitivity. A protein-rich layer around the regulatory regions increased local concentrations, amplifying differences in the surrounding solution. Meanwhile, a bridge of accumulated proteins held enhancer and promoter together for a duration that depended strongly on protein concentration. Together, these effects made modeled transcriptional activity more sensitive than a freely exposed receptor. The preprint offers a physical explanation for precise gene regulation, rather than evidence that this mechanism operates in a particular living cell.
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