Running summarizing tools on a new article

Abstract: Hallucinations defined as factually incorrect or fabricated outputs remain a critical limitation of Large Language Models (LLMs), significantly undermining their reliability in high-stakes applications. This paper presents a systematic and reproducible comparative evaluation of prominent hallucination mitigation strategies, including prompt engineering, retrieval-augmented generation (RAG), and self-consistency decoding. Using benchmark factual question-answering datasets, we assess these approaches across multiple evaluation dimensions, including factual accuracy, hallucination rate, and response consistency. Furthermore, we introduce a unified evaluation protocol and extend prior work by incorporating a hybrid evaluation perspective that examines trade-offs between grounding effectiveness and computational overhead. Experimental results indicate that retrieval-based methods substantially improve factual grounding at the cost of increased latency, whereas prompt-based techniques provide lightweight yet less robust improvements. We complement quantitative findings with qualitative error analysis and discuss practical implications for real-world deployment. This study contributes a standardized benchmarking framework and provides actionable insights into optimizing reliability–efficiency trade-offs in LLM-based systems..