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RV Measurements of Directly Imaged Brown Dwarf GQ Lup B to Search for Exosatellites
Katelyn Horstman (California Institute of Technology), Jean-Baptiste Ruffio (University of California San Diego), Konstantin Batygin (California Institute of Technology), Dimitri P. Mawet (California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Ashley Baker (California Institute of Technology), Chih-Chun Hsu (Northwestern University), Jason Wang, Ji Wang, Sarah C. Blunt (Northwestern University), Jerry W. Xuan (California Institute of Technology), Yinzi Xin (California Institute of Technology), Joshua Liberman (University of Arizona), Shubh Agrawal (California Institute of Technology, University of Pennsylvania), Quinn Konopacky (University of California San Diego), Geoffrey A. Blake (California Institute of Technology), Clarissa R. Do Ó (University of California San Diego), Randall Bartos (Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Charlotte Z. Bond (Royal Observatory, UK Astronomy Technology Centre), Benjamin Calvin (California Institute of Technology, University of California, Los Angeles), Sylvain Cetre (W.M. Keck Observatory), Jacques-Robert R. Delorme (California Institute of Technology, W.M. Keck Observatory), Greg Doppmann (W.M. Keck Observatory), Daniel Echeverri (California Institute of Technology), Luke Finnerty (University of California, Los Angeles), Michael P. Fitzgerald (University of California, Los Angeles), Nemanja Jovanović (California Institute of Technology), Ronald López (University of California, Los Angeles), Emily C. Martin (University of California, Santa Cruz), Evan Morris (University of California, Santa Cruz), Jacklyn Pezzato (California Institute of Technology), Garreth Ruane (California Institute of Technology, Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Ben Sappey (University of California San Diego), Tobias Schofield (California Institute of Technology), Andrew J. I. Skemer (University of California, Santa Cruz), Taylor Venenciano (Pomona College), James Kent Wallace (Jet Propulsion Laboratory), Nicole L. Wallack (Carnegie Institution for Science, Earth and Planets Laboratory), Peter L. Wizinowich (W.M. Keck Observatory)
Abstract: Abstract GQ Lup B is one of the few substellar companions with a detected cicumplanetary disk (CPD). Observations of the CPD suggest the presence of a cavity, possibly formed by an exosatellite. Using the Keck Planet Imager and Characterizer (KPIC), a high-contrast imaging suite that feeds a high-resolution spectrograph (1.9–2.5 µ m, R ∼35,000), we present the first dedicated radial velocity (RV) observations around a high-contrast, directly imaged substellar companion, GQ Lup B, to search for exosatellites. Over 11 epochs, we find a best and median RV error of 400–1000 m s −1 , most likely limited by systematic fringing in the spectra due to transmissive optics within KPIC. With this RV precision, KPIC is sensitive to exomoons 0.6%–2.8% the mass of GQ Lup B (∼30 M Jup ) at separations between the Roche limit and 65 R Jup , or the extent of the cavity inferred within the CPD detected around GQ Lup B. Using simulations of HISPEC, a high resolution infrared spectrograph planned to debut at W.M. Keck Observatory in 2026, we estimate future exomoon sensitivity to increase by over an order of magnitude, providing sensitivity to less massive satellites potentially formed within the CPD itself. Additionally, we run simulations to estimate the amount of material that different masses of satellites could clear in a CPD to create the observed cavity. We find satellite-to-planet mass ratios of q > 2 × 10 −4 can create observable cavities and report a maximum cavity size of ∼51 R Jup carved from a satellite.