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Harnessing Rhizobia to Improve Heavy-Metal Phytoremediation by Legumes
Camilla Fagorzi (University of Florence), Alice Checcucci (University of Florence), George Colin diCenzo (University of Florence), Klaudia Dębiec-Andrzejewska (University of Warsaw), Łukasz Dziewit (University of Warsaw), Francesco Pini (University of Florence), Alessio Mengoni (University of Florence)
Abstract: Rhizobia are bacteria that can form symbiotic associations with plants of the Fabaceae family, during which they reduce atmospheric di-nitrogen to ammonia. The symbiosis between rhizobia and leguminous plants is a fundamental contributor to nitrogen cycling in natural and agricultural ecosystems. Rhizobial microsymbionts are a major reason why legumes can colonize marginal lands and nitrogen-deficient soils. Several leguminous species have been found in metal-contaminated areas, and they often harbor metal-tolerant rhizobia. In recent years, there have been numerous efforts and discoveries related to the genetic determinants of metal resistance by rhizobia, and on the effectiveness of such rhizobia to increase the metal tolerance of host plants. Here, we review the main findings on the metal resistance of rhizobia: the physiological role, evolution, and genetic determinants, and the potential to use native and genetically-manipulated rhizobia as inoculants for legumes in phytoremediation practices.