Running summarizing tools on a new article

Abstract: Introduction: Despite depersonalisation-derealisation being the third most commonly reported psychiatric symptom, it remains chronically understudied and poorly understood. Research into depersonalisation-derealisation disorder (DDD) is largely quantitative and remains scarce. This systematic literature review is the first review to synthesise available qualitative research about DDD lived experiences to understand the nature and impact of the disorder’s symptoms. The findings are interpreted in light of the cognitive behavioural model of DDD. Methods: Five electronic databases (APA PsycArticles, APA PsycInfo, CINAHL Ultimate, open dissertations, MEDLINE Ultimate) were searched alongside Google Scholar from their inception until September 2025 using a combination of search terms for depersonalisation, derealisation, lived experiences and qualitative methods. The methodological quality of studies was assessed using the Critical Appraisal Skills Programme Tool for qualitative research and data was analysed using Thomas and Harden’s (2008) approach to thematic synthesis. Results: Twelve studies were identified as eligible for inclusion. Thematic synthesis revealed five themes across participants’ accounts: (i) Struggling to Navigate Distortions in Time and Sensory Perception; (ii) Changes in Identity, Roles and Beliefs; (iii) Navigating Societal Stigma and Altered Relationships; (iv) Negative Affective Responses: Anxiety, Numbness, Suicidality; and (v) Challenges to Daily Functioning. Most studies demonstrated high methodological quality, with only one exception. Discussion: The lived experiences presented in this review provide context to the impact of DDD symptoms on individuals and those around them. It underscores the need for holistic, person-centred interventions that address not only symptom reduction but also broader issues not otherwise captured by standardised measures of DDD symptoms surrounding self-perception, emotional wellbeing, relational difficulties, altered sensory perception and functional recovery. Findings broadly support the cognitive behavioural model of DDD, while also indicating important areas of divergence, thereby extending current theoretical understanding of the condition.