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RAG-based LLM Evaluation

André Ribeiro, Rúben Garrido, Violeta Ramos, Samuel Teixeira, Петя Георгиева

License: CC BY

Abstract: Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems enhance Large Language Models (LLM) by grounding responses in retrieved context, addressing hallucination concerns in knowledge-intensive applications. However, evaluating RAG-based LLMs remains challenging due to complex interactions between retrieval and generation components. This work presents a comprehensive evaluation framework combining RAGAS LLM-based metrics with classical information retrieval measures. We evaluate a RAG pipeline using Qwen 3 14B on the Neural Bridge RAG Dataset 12000, comparing RAG and non-RAG grounded response generation. To address same-model evaluation bias, we introduce cross-model evaluation using Gemma 3 12B, demonstrating that RAG benefits are robust across evaluation models (93-109% improvement in answer correctness). The number of the retrieval chunks proved to be a highly relevant hyperparameter to improve efficiency while maintaining quality. Classical metrics including chunk precision, chunk accuracy and embedding similarity corroborate RAGAS findings while providing computational efficiency.

Published on 01 Jun. 2026