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Gut microbiota reshapes cancer immunotherapy efficacy: Mechanisms and therapeutic strategies
Jindong Xie (Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center), Manqing Liu (Sun Yat-sen University, Hospital of Stomatology, Sun Yat-sen University), Xinpei Deng (Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center), Yuhui Tang (Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center), Shaoquan Zheng (Sun Yat-sen University, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University), Xueqi Ou (Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center), Hailin Tang (Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center), Xiaoming Xie (Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center), Minqing Wu (Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center), Yutian Zou (Sun Yat-sen University, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center)
Abstract: Gut microbiota is essential for maintaining local and systemic immune homeostasis in the presence of bacterial challenges. It has been demonstrated that microbiota play contrasting roles in cancer development as well as anticancer immunity. Cancer immunotherapy, a novel anticancer therapy that relies on the stimulation of host immunity, has suffered from a low responding rate and incidence of severe immune-related adverse events (irAEs). Previous studies have demonstrated that the diversity and composition of gut microbiota were associated with the heterogeneity of therapeutic effects. Therefore, alteration in microbiota taxa can lead to improved clinical outcomes in immunotherapy. In this review, we determine whether microbiota composition or microbiota-derived metabolites are linked to responses to immunotherapy and irAEs. Moreover, we discuss various approaches to improve immunotherapy efficacy or reduce toxicities by modulating microbiota composition.