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A Joint Study of Epoch Astrometry and Radial Velocities of Gaia-4b

Shubham Kanodia, Suvrath Mahadevan, Gudmundur Stefansson, Domenico Barbato, Joe P. Ninan, William D. Cochran, Rachel B. Fernandes, Caleb I. Canas, Andrea S. J. Lin, Leonardo A. Paredes, Matteo Pinamonti, Paul Robertson, Christian Schwab, Alessandro Sozzetti

arXiv: 2611.15537v1 (astro-ph.EP)
Accepted in AAS Journals. Code available here: https://github.com/shbhuk/pyGaiafits
License: CC BY-NC-ND 4.0

Abstract: Gaia-4b is the first confirmed exoplanet discovered with Gaia astrometry, based on its identification as a possible exoplanet in the solution in Gaia Data Release 3 and subsequent confirmation with radial velocity. In this work we present a \texttt{python} framework called \texttt{pyGaiafits} that can jointly analyze astrometric time series and radial velocities. We use this to combine the precise along-scan astrometric time series for Gaia-4 from the Gaia DR4 pre-release with 44 radial velocities (RVs) obtained over three years from four independent spectrographs (HPF, HARPS-N, NEID, and FIES). By jointly fitting these two complementary datasets that collectively span a 12-year baseline ($\sim$7 orbital periods of Gaia-4b), we refine the system parameters and determine the true mass of Gaia-4b to be $10.70\pm0.32$~$M_J$. Critically, we do not find significant evidence for the long-term quadratic RV trend previously reported in the literature, recovering $\ddotγ = 5.5^{+8.3}_{-6.7}\;\mathrm{m\,s^{-1}\,yr^{-2}}$ consistent with zero. We discuss how this discrepancy likely arises from a degeneracy between orbital period and long-term trends when RVs span only $\sim$1.5 orbital cycles --- a degeneracy that is broken by anchoring the ephemeris with early Gaia astrometry.

Submitted to arXiv on 11 Nov. 2026