OpenPose: Realtime Multi-Person 2D Pose Estimation using Part Affinity Fields
Authors: Zhe Cao, Gines Hidalgo, Tomas Simon, Shih-En Wei, Yaser Sheikh
AI-generated Key Points
- OpenPose is a system for real-time multi-person 2D pose detection.
- It includes body, foot, hand and facial keypoints.
- It has been developed by refining previous work on Part Affinity Fields (PAFs) and body part location estimation simultaneously across training stages.
- This results in a substantial increase in both runtime performance and accuracy.
- The authors have presented the first combined body and foot keypoint detector based on an internal annotated foot dataset that they have publicly released.
- The combined detector reduces inference time compared to running them sequentially while maintaining the accuracy of each component individually.
- OpenPose is the first open-source real-time system for multi-person 2D pose detection regardless of the number of people in the image.
- The release of OpenPose marks a significant milestone in enabling machines to have an understanding of people in images and videos with high accuracy and real-time performance.
Abstract: Realtime multi-person 2D pose estimation is a key component in enabling machines to have an understanding of people in images and videos. In this work, we present a realtime approach to detect the 2D pose of multiple people in an image. The proposed method uses a nonparametric representation, which we refer to as Part Affinity Fields (PAFs), to learn to associate body parts with individuals in the image. This bottom-up system achieves high accuracy and realtime performance, regardless of the number of people in the image. In previous work, PAFs and body part location estimation were refined simultaneously across training stages. We demonstrate that a PAF-only refinement rather than both PAF and body part location refinement results in a substantial increase in both runtime performance and accuracy. We also present the first combined body and foot keypoint detector, based on an internal annotated foot dataset that we have publicly released. We show that the combined detector not only reduces the inference time compared to running them sequentially, but also maintains the accuracy of each component individually. This work has culminated in the release of OpenPose, the first open-source realtime system for multi-person 2D pose detection, including body, foot, hand, and facial keypoints.
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