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The Major Solar Energetic Particle Event on 2024 May 20: Multispacecraft Observations of a Long-lasting Energetic Particle Reservoir
David Lario (Goddard Space Flight Center, Heliophysics Science Division), J. F. Hu (Goddard Space Flight Center, Heliophysics Science Division), L. Balmaceda (Goddard Space Flight Center, George Mason University), Ryun-Young Kwon (Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute), Samantha Wallace (Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University Daytona Beach Florida Campus, Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University), D. E. da Silva (Goddard Space Flight Center, Heliophysics Science Division), M. L. Mays (Goddard Space Flight Center, Heliophysics Science Division), Vratislav Krupař (Goddard Space Flight Center, Heliophysics Science Division), Fernando Carcaboso (Goddard Space Flight Center, Heliophysics Science Division), A. Warmuth (Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam), Muriel Zoë Stiefel (FHNW University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland), Leng Ying Khoo (Princeton University), Ian G. Richardson (Goddard Space Flight Center, Heliophysics Science Division), Patrick Kühl (Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), Robert F. Wimmer-Schweingruber (Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel), Rami Vainio (University of Turku), Esa Riihonen (University of Turku), W. T. Liu (University of Michigan), Angels Aran (Institut de Ciències del Cosmos, Universitat de Barcelona), Evangelos Paouris (Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory), M. R. Kane (Goddard Space Flight Center, Heliophysics Science Division), C. O. Lee (Space Sciences Laboratory, University of California, Berkeley), C. Sasso (Astronomical Observatory of Capodimonte, National Institute for Astrophysics), C. N. Arge (Goddard Space Flight Center, Heliophysics Science Division), S. I. Jones (Goddard Space Flight Center, Heliophysics Science Division), J. L. Verniero (Goddard Space Flight Center, Heliophysics Science Division), A. Niemela (Goddard Space Flight Center, Heliophysics Science Division), T. S. Horbury (Imperial College London), M. Maksimović (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Université Paris Sciences et Lettres)
Résumé : Abstract The fleet of spacecraft distributed across the inner heliosphere during 2024 May–June provided a unique opportunity to analyze, over a broad range of heliolongitudes, the effects produced by the complex sunspot group associated with Active Region 13664. The intense solar activity from 2024 May 8 to 2024 June 21 produced unusually elevated solar energetic particle (SEP) intensities observed at heliocentric distances ≲1 au by Solar Orbiter, Parker Solar Probe, STEREO-A, and near-Earth spacecraft. This activity resulted in a >40 day period of enhanced ≲10 MeV proton intensities spanning at least ∼170° in longitude. Among these events, the 2024 May 20 SEP event was remarkable for its high intensity and wide spatial extent. It was associated with a fast (≳1500 km s −1 ) halo coronal mass ejection (CME) and an X16.5 solar flare located ∼171° in longitude from Earth. Near Earth, the event produced a long-lasting ∼100 MeV proton intensity enhancement with energy spectra flattening between 30 and 80 MeV. It also led to the formation of an energetic particle reservoir that persisted for ∼2 weeks and extended across at least ∼170° in longitude. Several mechanisms contributed to the broad longitudinal spread of SEPs and formation of the energetic particle reservoir, including acceleration at an extended CME-driven shock, particle drifts along the heliospheric current sheet, particle reflection and redistribution caused by the merging of preceding CMEs beyond 1 au, and predominantly cross-field particle transport processes.