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Observing the Progressive Decoherence of the “Meter” in a Quantum Measurement
M. Brune (Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, École Normale Supérieure - PSL), E. W. Hagley (Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, École Normale Supérieure - PSL), J. Dreyer (Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, École Normale Supérieure - PSL), Xavier Maı̂tre (Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, École Normale Supérieure - PSL), Abdelhamid Maali (Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, École Normale Supérieure - PSL), C. Wunderlich (Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, École Normale Supérieure - PSL), J. M. Raimond (Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, École Normale Supérieure - PSL), S. Haroche (Laboratoire Kastler Brossel, École Normale Supérieure - PSL)
Résumé : A mesoscopic superposition of quantum states involving radiation fields with classically distinct phases was created and its progressive decoherence observed. The experiment involved Rydberg atoms interacting one at a time with a few photon coherent field trapped in a high $Q$ microwave cavity. The mesoscopic superposition was the equivalent of an `` $\mathrm{atom}+\mathrm{measuring}\mathrm{apparatus}$'' system in which the ``meter'' was pointing simultaneously towards two different directions---a ``Schr\"odinger cat.'' The decoherence phenomenon transforming this superposition into a statistical mixture was observed while it unfolded, providing a direct insight into a process at the heart of quantum measurement.