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Atomic Clock Frequency Ratios with Fractional Uncertainty ≤ 3.2 × 10 − 18
Alexander Aeppli (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics), Willa J. Arthur-Dworschack (National Institute of Standards and Technology), K. Beloy (National Institute of Standards and Technology), Caitlin M. Berry (National Institute of Standards and Technology), Tobias Bothwell (National Institute of Standards and Technology), Angela Folz (National Institute of Standards and Technology), Tara M. Fortier (National Institute of Standards and Technology), Thomas M. Grogan (National Institute of Standards and Technology), Youssef S. Hassan (National Institute of Standards and Technology), Zoey Hu (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics), David B. Hume (National Institute of Standards and Technology), B. D. Hunt (National Institute of Standards and Technology), Kyungtae Kim (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics), Amanda A. Koepke (National Institute of Standards and Technology), Dahyeon Lee (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics), David R. Leibrandt (National Institute of Standards and Technology), Ben Lewis (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics), Andrew D. Ludlow (National Institute of Standards and Technology), Mason C. Marshall (National Institute of Standards and Technology), Nicholas V. Nardelli (National Institute of Standards and Technology), Harikesh Ranganath (National Institute of Standards and Technology), Daniel A. Rodriguez Castillo (National Institute of Standards and Technology), Jeff A. Sherman (National Institute of Standards and Technology), Jacob L. Siegel (National Institute of Standards and Technology), Suzanne Thornton (National Institute of Standards and Technology, George Washington University), William Warfield (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics), Jun Ye (National Institute of Standards and Technology, Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics)
Résumé : We report high-precision frequency ratio measurements between optical atomic clocks based on ^{27}Al^{+}, ^{171}Yb, and ^{87}Sr. With total fractional uncertainties at or below 3.2×10^{-18}, these measurements meet an important milestone criterion for redefinition of the second in the International System of Units. Discrepancies in ^{87}Sr ratios at approximately 1×10^{-16} and the Al^{+}/Yb ratio at 1.6×10^{-17} in fractional units compared to our previous measurements underscore the importance of repeated, high-precision comparisons by different laboratories. A key upgrade from our previous work is the use of a common ultrastable reference delivered to all clocks via a 3.6-km phase-stabilized fiber link between two institutions, enabling better accuracy and stability in frequency transfer. Derived from a cryogenic single-crystal silicon cavity, this reference improves comparison stability by a factor of 2-3 over previous systems, with an optical lattice clock ratio achieving a fractional instability of 1.3×10^{-16} at 1 s. Identifying individual clock stabilities with a three-corner-hat measurement, we demonstrate the most stable optical lattice and trapped-ion clocks used in a multispecies comparison. By enabling faster comparisons, this stability will improve sensitivity to nonwhite noise processes and other underlying limits of state-of-the-art optical frequency standards.