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Résumé : As one of the emerging hallmarks, the mycobiome has recently gained significant recognition in cancer research, especially regarding anticancer immunotherapy. While immune checkpoint inhibitors have shown promise, many patients still experience poor treatment responses and immune-related adverse effects. Emerging evidence has shown that fungi and their metabolites may influence the tumor microenvironment through interactions with immune cells, thereby modulating both innate and adaptive immune responses. These complex regulatory mechanisms could enhance tumor immunogenicity and potentiate anticancer immunity, ultimately reducing therapeutic resistance. In this review, we explore the multifaceted effects of the mycobiome on the immune system and therapeutic responses, focusing on mechanisms involving antifungal agents, fungal-derived peptides, and fecal microbiota transplantation. Additionally, we address the key challenges associated with these novel immunotherapeutic strategies, including safety concerns, the absence of standardization, and interindividual variability. Collectively, this review highlights promising avenues for future research on antifungal-based therapies, with the potential to improve outcomes for cancer patients.