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Demonstration of dynamic surface codes

Alec Eickbusch (Google (United States)), Matt McEwen (Google (United States)), Volodymyr Sivak (Google (United States)), Alexandre Bourassa (Google (United States)), Juan Atalaya (Google (United States)), Jahan Claes (Google (United States)), Dvir Kafri (Google (United States)), Craig Gidney (Google (United States)), Christopher Warren (Google (United States)), Jonathan A. Gross (Google (United States)), Alex Opremcak (Google (United States)), Nicholas Zobrist (Google (United States)), Kevin C. Miao (Google (United States)), Gabrielle Roberts (Google (United States)), Kevin J. Satzinger (Google (United States)), Andreas Bengtsson (Google (United States)), M. Neeley (Google (United States)), William P. Livingston (Google (United States)), Alex Greene (Google (United States)), Rajeev Acharya (Google (United States)), Laleh Aghababaie Beni (Google (United States)), Georg Aigeldinger (Google (United States)), Ross Alcaraz (Google (United States)), Trond I. Andersen (Google (United States)), M. Ansmann (Google (United States)), Frank Arute (Google (United States)), Kunal Arya (Google (United States)), Abraham T. Asfaw (Google (United States)), Ryan Babbush (Google (United States)), Brian Ballard (Google (United States)), Joseph C. Bardin (Google (United States), University of Massachusetts Amherst), Alexander Bilmes (Google (United States)), Jenna Bovaird (Google (United States)), Dylan Bowers (Google (United States)), Leon Brill (Google (United States)), Michael Broughton (Google (United States)), David A. Browne (Google (United States)), Brett Buchea (Google (United States)), Bob B. Buckley (Google (United States)), Tim Burger (Google (United States)), Brian Burkett (Google (United States)), Nicholas Bushnell (Google (United States)), Anthony Cabrera (Google (United States)), Juan Campero (Google (United States)), Hung-Shen Chang (Google (United States)), B. Chiaro (Google (United States)), Liang-Ying Chih (Google (United States)), Agnetta Y. Cleland (Google (United States)), J. G. Cogan (Google (United States)), Roberto Collins (Google (United States)), Paul Conner (Google (United States)), William Courtney (Google (United States)), Alexander L. Crook (Google (United States)), Ben Curtin (Google (United States)), Sayan Das (Google (United States)), Alexander Del Toro Barba (Google (United States)), Sean Demura (Google (United States)), Laura De Lorenzo (Google (United States)), Agustín Di Paolo (Google (United States)), Paul Donohoe (Google (United States)), Ilya Drozdov (Google (United States), University of Connecticut), A. Dunsworth (Google (United States)), Aviv Moshe Elbag (Google (United States)), Mahmoud Elzouka (Google (United States)), Catherine Erickson (Google (United States)), Vinicius S. Ferreira (Google (United States)), Leslie Flores Burgos (Google (United States)), Ebrahim Forati (Google (United States)), Austin G. Fowler (Google (United States)), Brooks Foxen (Google (United States)), Suhas Ganjam (Google (United States)), Gonzalo Garcia (Google (United States)), Robert Gasca (Google (United States)), Élie Genois (Google (United States)), William Giang (Google (United States)), Dar Gilboa (Google (United States)), Raja Gosula (Google (United States)), Alejandro Grajales Dau (Google (United States)), Dietrich Graumann (Google (United States)), Tan Ha (Google (United States)), Steve Habegger (Google (United States)), Michael C. Hamilton (Google (United States), Auburn University), Monica A. Hansen (Google (United States)), Matthew P. Harrigan (Google (United States)), Sean David Harrington (Google (United States)), Stephen Heslin (Google (United States)), Paula Heu (Google (United States)), Oscar Higgott (Google (United States)), Reno Hiltermann (Google (United States)), Jeremy Hilton (Google (United States)), Hsin-Yuan Huang (Google (United States)), Ashley Huff (Google (United States)), William J. Huggins (Google (United States)), Evan R. Jeffrey (Google (United States)), Jiang Zhang (Google (United States)), Xiaoxuan Jin (Google (United States)), Cody Jones (Google (United States)), Chaitali Joshi (Google (United States)), Pavol Juhás (Google (United States)), ANDREAS C. KABEL (Google (United States)), Hui Mei Kang (Google (United States)), Amir H. 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Nature Physics
Licence : CC BY-NC-ND

Résumé : A remarkable characteristic of quantum computing is the potential for reliable computation despite faulty qubits. This can be achieved through quantum error correction, which is typically implemented by repeatedly applying static syndrome checks, permitting correction of logical information. Recently, the development of time-dynamic approaches to error correction has enabled different codes and implementations that do not rely on static syndrome measurements. Here we experimentally demonstrate three time-dynamic implementations of the surface code, each offering a distinct solution to hardware design challenges faced by surface code realizations. First, we embed the surface code on a hexagonal lattice, reducing the necessary couplings per qubit from four to three. Second, we walk a surface code, swapping the role of data and measure qubits each round, achieving error correction with built-in removal of accumulated non-computational errors. Finally, we realize the surface code using iSWAP gates instead of the traditional CNOT, extending the set of viable gates for error correction without additional overhead. We measure the error suppression factor when scaling from distance-3 to distance-5 codes of Λ35,hex = 2.15(2), Λ35,walk = 1.69(6) and Λ35,iSWAP = 1.56(2), achieving state-of-the-art error suppression for each. Our work demonstrates that dynamic circuit approaches meet the demands for fault tolerance and enable alternative strategies for scalable hardware design. Typical quantum error correcting codes assign fixed roles to the underlying physical qubits. Now the performance benefits of alternative, dynamic error correction schemes have been demonstrated on a superconducting quantum processor.

Publié le 17 Oct. 2025