# A theory of dark energy that matches dark matter

**Authors:** Huai-Yu Wang  
**arXiv:** [2307.04824](https://arxiv.org/abs/2307.04824)  
**Date:** 2023-07-06  
**Summary page:** https://www.summarizepaper.com/en/paper/2307.04824v1/

## Key points

- Theory of dark energy proposed aligns with dark matter
- Free particles possessing negative energies correspond to dark energy, similar to dark photons
- Negative integer photon states exhibit characteristics of negative energy, representing dark photons
- Formation of "dark radiation" or "negative radiation" explored in terms of statistical mechanics and thermodynamics
- Negative pressure associated with dark energy may be responsible for accelerated expansion of the universe
- Symmetry between regular energy and dark energy highlighted
- Connection established between dark matter and dark energy through absorption and release of dark energy
- Broader symmetry suggested between matter-energy relationships and their darker counterparts

## Summary

In this paper by Huai-Yu Wang from the Department of Physics at Tsinghua University, a theory of dark energy is proposed that aligns with dark matter. The study explores relativistic quantum mechanics equations and reveals the possibility of free particles possessing negative energies. These negative energies are believed to correspond to dark energy and behave similarly to dark photons with negative energies. By extending photon number states to include negative integers - termed as negative integer photon states - it is suggested that photons in such a state exhibit characteristics of negative energy, essentially representing dark photons. This formation of "dark radiation" or "negative radiation" is further explored in terms of statistical mechanics and thermodynamics, showcasing unique properties such as negative temperature and pressure. The paper postulates that the negative pressure associated with this version of dark energy may be responsible for the accelerated expansion of the universe. Additionally, a perceived symmetry between regular energy and dark energy within the universe is highlighted. Building upon previous research on matters with negative kinetic energy being identified as dark matter, this work demonstrates how these substances can absorb and release dark energy, establishing a connection between dark matter and dark energy. This correlation suggests a broader symmetry between matter-energy relationships and their darker counterparts in the universe. Overall, through intricate theoretical frameworks and mathematical formulations, this paper offers insights into why systems exhibiting negative kinetic energy and negative radiation are considered "dark" entities in our understanding of cosmology.