# On Einstein's last bid to keep a stationary cosmology

**Authors:** Salvador Galindo-Uribarri, Jorge L. Cervantes-Cota  
**arXiv:** [2302.10823](https://arxiv.org/abs/2302.10823)  
**Date:** 2023-02-21  
**Summary page:** https://www.summarizepaper.com/en/paper/2302.10823v1/

## Key points

- Fred Hoyle, Hermann Bondi, and Thomas Gold championed the steady-state model of the universe in the mid-twentieth century.
- Albert Einstein briefly explored a similar idea during his first visit to Caltech in 1931.
- Einstein attempted to develop a model where the universe expanded and matter was continuously created to maintain a constant matter density, which he called a "dynamic steady state" universe.
- Although Einstein abandoned this idea shortly after proposing it, his unpublished manuscript entitled "Zum kosmologischen Problem" revealed that he had temporarily followed a different scheme than what was previously thought.
- The manuscript has already been extensively analyzed by O’Raifeartaigh and colleagues and reveals that Einstein proposed continuous creation of matter as part of his dynamic steady-state model.
- While Hoyle, Bondi, and Gold are often credited with the steady-state model of the universe, Albert Einstein briefly explored a similar idea many years before.

## Summary

In the mid-twentieth century, Fred Hoyle, Hermann Bondi, and Thomas Gold championed the steady-state model of the universe. However, it is little known that Albert Einstein briefly explored a similar idea many years before. During his first visit to Caltech in 1931, Einstein attempted to develop a model where the universe expanded and matter was continuously created to maintain a constant matter density. This concept was referred to as a "dynamic steady state" universe. Although Einstein abandoned this idea shortly after proposing it, his unpublished manuscript entitled "Zum kosmologischen Problem" revealed that he had temporarily followed a different scheme than what was previously thought. Einstein's activities and sayings during his visit to California were reported daily by the press. In January 1931, The New York Times reported that Einstein stated during an interview that new observations by astronomers at Mount Wilson made it clear that the general structure of the universe was not static. The following month, another front-page story in The New York Times informed readers that Einstein no longer held onto the model of a stable universe. During a welcome dinner in honor of Einstein at "The Athenaeum," Walter S Adams announced that Professor Einstein was inclined to consider theories of a non-static universe based on Dr. Richard Chase Tolman's general equations. Despite these reports affirming Einstein's alleged intention to follow a non-static approach, O'Raifeartaigh's discovery revealed that he had temporarily followed a different scheme in his unpublished document. The four-page handwritten manuscript located in the Albert Einstein Archives titled "Zum kosmologischen Problem" depicts a cosmological model not previously detected because its title is identical to one of Einstein's 1931 papers. The manuscript has already been extensively analyzed by O’Raifeartaigh and colleagues and reveals that Einstein proposed continuous creation of matter as part of his dynamic steady-state model. In conclusion, while Hoyle, Bondi, and Gold are often credited with the steady-state model of the universe, Albert Einstein briefly explored a similar idea many years before. His unpublished manuscript revealed that he had temporarily followed a different scheme than what was previously thought; proposing continuous creation of matter as part of his dynamic steady-state model.